Classical School of Management Theories - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 551 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: School Essay Scientific Essay Did you like this example? Different School of Management Theories : 1) Classical Theory : One of the first schools of management thought, the classical management theory, was developed during the age of Industrial Revolution during the period from 1900s to mid-1930. During this period the classical theories of organization began to emerge. This theory belief that employees have only economical and physical needs, and their social needs and job-satisfaction either dont exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, this school advocates high specialization of labor, centralized decision making, and profit maximization. This school of thought is made up of two branches : a) classical scientific and b) classical administrative, described as follows : a) Classical Scientific Theory : Frederick Taylor is called as the â€Å"father of scientific management. † It is focused on the main work force involved directly with the production. This method emphasized to ensure productivity of the individual workers by : †¢ Select workers with appropriate abilities for each job †¢ Train workers to carry out the given job efficiently †¢ Support workers by proper planning Provide wage incentive to the workers for increased output With this theory, Time And Motion Studies and Differential Piece Rate Methods are also used to increase the productivity. b) Classical Administrative Theory : Among all well-known contributors, Henry Fayol is called as the most notable contributor to this theory. Administrative theory focused on the total organization It is focused on the administrative aspects of management which directly or indirectly effect productivity of the organisation. He discussed 14 general principles of management. 1. Division of labor. Specialization of labour results in increased productivity. Both managerial and technical work are amenable to specialization. 2. Authority. Authority was defined by Fayol as the right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. It is nee ded to carry out managerial responsibilities. 3. Discipline. Employees must respect the rules that govern the organization. 4. Unity of command. Employees should receive orders from only one superior. 5. Unity of direction. Each group of activities in an organization should be grouped together under one head and one plan. 6. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest The interests of one person should not be placed before the interests of the organization as a whole. 7. Remuneration. Compensation should be based on systematic attempt to reward good performance. 8. Centralization. The degree to which centralization or decentralization should be adopted depends on the specific organization, but managers should retain final responsibility to do the tasks successfully. . Scalar chain. A chain of authority should extend from the top to the bottom of the organization. This chain implements the unity-of-command principle and allows the orderly flow of information. 10. Order. Human and material resources must be in the right place at the right time. 11. Equity. Employees should be treated as equally as possible. 12. Stability of personnel. Successful firms usually had a stable group of employees. 13. Initiative. Employees should have the freedom to take initiative. 14. Esprit de corps. Managers should encourage a sense of unity of effort through harmony of interests. Limitations of Classical Theory : †¢ Workers and unions began to oppose his approach because they feared that working harder or faster would exhaust whatever work was available Causing layoffs. †¢ Critics objected to the speed up condition that placed undue pressure on employees to perform at faster and faster levels. †¢ As a result more workers joined unions and thus reinforced a pattern of suspicious and mistrust that shaded labor relations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Classical School of Management Theories" essay for you Create order

A Description Of The Biology Of Bone - 5430 Words

4 Chapter 2 Background 2.1 Introduction Chapter 2 will describe the essential background information needed to understand this thesis project. A description of the biology of bone will be provided first and its focus will be limited to femurs and tibiae, since those are the structures we have used throughout this project. As well, we will briefly describe the analysis techniques that are currently used to evaluate bones. Furthermore the theory behind the used technique and instrumentation will be addressed. Previous bone studies using transcutaneous in vivo Raman spectroscopy will also be described, as well as the differences between them and the present thesis project. 2.2 Bone Structure and Composition Bones†¦show more content†¦12 Both the cortical and trabecular structures provide ions like calcium phosphate, phosphorous, sodium and magnesium that are basic to maintain the homeostasis of the bone. Figure 1. Hierarchical structure of bone. Cotical bone is made of osteons (10-500  µm). Osteons are composed of concentric lamella (3-7  µm) and a Haversian cannal. A lamella is composed of mineralized collagen fibers, which are made up of collagen fibrils (0.5  µm each). A fibril is made up of collagen molecules and apatite nano-crystals.11 The three major components of bone tissues are: type I collagen, water and dahllite crystals. 13 Dahllites are plate-shaped carbonated apatite crystals, which have â€Å"small but significant amounts of impurities such as HPO4, Na, Mg, citrate, carbonate, K†. 14,15 The apatite crystal lattice is then responsible for the degree of mineralization in bone tissue. Type I collagen is the primary matrix component and its molecules are secreted by Cortical bone Osteons Haversian canal Concentric lamella Mineralized collagen fibrils Collagen molecule Apatite nanocrystals 6 osteoblasts, these molecules will then arrange into collagen fibrils and subsequently to collagen fibers, which are the basis to lamellae. Type I collagen despite being the primary protein is not the only one present in bone tissue, which also contains non-collagenous proteins.Show MoreRelatedBiol101 Homework Assignment 2 Essay818 Words   |  4 Pagesafter a bad car accident. The medical team has decided that this patient is a good candidate for a clinical trial using stem cell therapy. Your friend has not had a biology course since high school, so you are going to write for him or her a two-page discussion of stem cell information. 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Moving onto the middle ages, European thinking was controlled by biblical scholars. The questioned human origin and cultural development. It was treated as an issue of religious belief. These questions were promoting the idea god created all human existence and all of human diversity. To end the middle ages, there were times when European explorers would have to give an exceptional description of the foreign culturesRead MoreA Career in Athletic Training Essay516 Words   |  3 PagesA Career in Athletic Training The occupation is an athletic trainer. The job description is to work with athletes in an effort to prevent injuries. They work in amateur and professional sports. Once injuries occur, the athletic trainer is required to evaluate the problem and get the athlete the proper medical treatment. He or she also makes sure that athletes are physically ready and able to play after an injury. Athletic trainers set up physical conditioning programs for athletes, workRead MoreDiffrent Type of Doctors1412 Words   |  6 Pagesrelated ailments. Endocrinologist: A doctor who studies disorders of the endocrine system and their glands, like thyroid problems and other such hormonal imbalances and the specific secretions of hormones is what entails an endocrinologist job description. Epidemiologist: Epidemiologist are the doctors who are also known as disease detectives. They carry out study of diseases and come up with ways of prevention of diseases through vaccinations, etc. Family Practitioner: These are your friendlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Human Dissection799 Words   |  4 Pagesdo these things when a human body became available. Which would impact them greatly when it came to real life situations, and would decrease the chances of them messing up on live people in surgery. Animal dissections are used to understand basic biology. Knowing the physiology of how the body works lets physicians make more informed diagnosis and medicine that target specific bacteria, or specific areas of the body. I think that live animals are important to the advancement of medicine because whenRead MoreNarrative Of A Mother Daughter1061 Words   |  5 Pages/ clarifying as the fine bones of her hips sharpen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (6-8). The two features â€Å"clarifying† and â€Å"sharpening† are results of juxtaposing influences, creating a literary paradox. At only thirty-five years of age, the mother is still young, but has certainly lived long enough to expe rience the beginning or â€Å"previewing† of aging in her body, evidenced by the fold of her neck. The mother notes a preview she sees in her daughter’s frame as well. The â€Å"sharpen[ing]† of her hip bones gives a small glimpse into

Perspective on Childhood Learning-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Identify and compare key perspectives that have contributed to current approaches to early childhood education. Answer: Introduction The aim of this paper is to discuss my perspective on children that have informed my pedagogical framework of early childhood education. The paper highlights the perspectives and approaches that have been influential in the teaching and learning of primary children. Through these elucidations and explorations, I reflect on my outlook regarding effective teaching and learning that would enable the children to realise their potential. The paper has been organized on the themes of my beliefs about children and learning, my beliefs on teaching and the contemporary view on teaching. Beliefs about children and learning Children need to grow and nurture rather than being pushed to stiff and cut-throat competition. The dominant images of children are that they are innocent and dependant thus reinforcing perpetual guardianship to monitor their activities. While I strongly believe that children need monitoring and attention, however I do not subscribe the view that they need patronizing care (Luke, 2018). Education of children should try to bring out their potential and stoke their interests towards learning. Children should be treated as autonomous individuals and the role of the teacher and parent should be to ignite them an interest for learning. Children should be motivated to realize their full potential and their morale should be boosted so that they become responsible individuals (Hennessey Dionigi, 2013). The Montessori philosophy emphasizes that the classroom should be an environment that should be collaborative in nature by the children, teacher and the environment (Ahmadpour Mujembari, 201 5). The children would autonomously make individual choice that would provide them an opportunity to make decisions for themselves and learn to take responsibilities of their own. Steiners philosophy of education would also be useful in the development of the child as this philosophy proposes for a curriculum and educational setting that would inspire the child to learn. This can be done through the means of creative play, stories, songs and interaction with the nature and involvement of the child (Kelemen et al., 2014). This framework would encourage the child to explore the environment, imbibing important skills, the values of sharing and culminate to the emotional quotient of the children. Children are imaginative and spontaneous and therefore, the purpose of education should be to nurture that spirit within the children. Children also tend to imitate the adults and for them the immediate role models are the older children. The older children tend to reinforce their learning on t he younger children (Cutter-Mackenzie., Edwards, 2013). Therefore, multi-age groupings would inculcate the spirit of peer-group learning. Dr. Maria Montessori opine that in the phase of childhood, children experience sensitive periods, also known as windows of opportunity. The Reggio Emilia movement ushered in a wave of change in the field of primary school education for education. This philosophical tenet of this movement is in consonance with my view of the child. Unlike, the traditional constructions of children as dependant, this philosophy recognize the agentic quality of the child. I feel that childhood is an important phase where the children can make sense of themselves. Secondly, the children should interact with the adults and they are co-learners. Children should learn and develop by participating in the designing of the school curriculum. The feature of this curriculum children and adults collaborating. The planning in this kind of approach should be based on documenting the language of the child, observation and recording of interests and ideas of the child that would enhance and underline the agency of the child. There should be assessment that is based on the portfolios comprising of the work selected and decided by the student in collab oration with their teacher. There should also be interviews with children about their learning and promote peer review and augment the agency of the children. Beliefs on teaching The Kumon method of teaching and learning propounded by Toru Kumon of Japan has been revolutionary in the field of early childhood education. This method makes the students equipped to handle methods without being directly taught to them (Bray, 2013). The highlight of this method is that it incorporates new content that is imbibed and retained by the students even after they graduate from school. The effectiveness of the method lies in its systematic approach towards the education of the child. The first step of teaching a new concept is with the adequate use of illustrations. In the subsequent stage, the difficulty level of the students is increased with the aim that this would enhance their learning. This allows students to learn how to form links with the concepts and the topics that they have already learnt in the class. Another feature of the Kumon method that is sustainable for the learning outcome of the children. This feature of providing individualized instruction to each of the children and would enable to bring out their potential and promote the holistic development of their academic capabilities (Hayat, 2017). The instructor makes a close observation of the students and evaluates their abilities. This is followed by guiding each of the children based on their potential. The last stage is collecting feedback from the children and improvising on the teaching technique of the students. The Kumon educator inspires the students to be responsible and cultivate a positive outlook towards academics. The kumon teachers also believe that students should feel confident and independent. To materialize this outlook, the educators continuously evaluate the performance of the child and encourage the students to participate with keenness in their academic endeavour (Lillard, 2013). Based on the philosophy and features of the kumon method of learning, I feel method would be effective and pragmatic to teach and learn children for a better future. As a teacher, my role would be guide my students and help them to realize their potential. I do not affirm to the notion of education that is premised on spoon-feeding the children. Teaching should not amount to being a crutch for the student but rather being an efficient educator who equips the students to use all the skills in the right manner. I feel that merely teaching a concept without providing illustrations is not impactful. Stud ies have shown that the use of illustrations intensify the understanding capacity and retaining power of the children. If a children forgets what is being taught and imparted in the classroom, it is because the correct method is not being followed. Therefore, as a teacher it would be my goal to instill confidence and curiosity in children so that they are interested to take on new challenges. The curriculum design should be in such a manner that level of toughness in terms of the module is in an ascending order, providing the students to learn and then take on the next set of hurdles. Teaching and learning is a two-way process. I need to understand whether the children are able to understand the contents of the module, whether they are facing difficulties or whether there is a need for improvement. This can be done when I have feedback from the children. This will also encourage children to understand their individual learning capacities and embolden me to provide attention to them based on their personalized learning outcome. Beliefs about contemporary views In the contemporary times, the Reggio Emilia approach that views the child as capable, strong and agentic have been quite popular. The Reggio-Emilia approach stood out for its view considering the child as an autonomous individual who is capable of realising his or her own potential (Bond, 2015). Multi-arts approach has been one of the highlights of the Reggio-Emilia philosophy. This approach empowers students to learn and retain better information for a protracted period of time. Children are also able to apply the techniques learnt in their own artwork and create superior quality artwork (Slipp, 2017). The Reggio-Emilia approach perceives children as capable learners who can acquire knowledge through their instinctive curiosity. In this process, what they decides to become, will turn into an important element in their growth as an individual. The collaborative and collective disposition of the Reggio-Emilia approach goes a long way in the effective learning of the child. The parent s, teachers and children are equal partners in the development of the child (Arseven, 2014). Apart from independent learning of the child, it also documents the learning progress of the child through taking pictures, collecting transcripts from children and their artwork. It believes there is no one way of learning and there should be the adoption of multiple learning tools and instruments at the disposal of the teachers for teaching the children. But as a teacher I have identified certain drawback of this method as it leads to a complete loss of control in contrast to the earlier modes of teaching. Another shortcoming of this method is that there is not a fixed curriculum as it is the interest of the children that informs the curriculum plan (Ho?evar, ebart tefanc, 2013). This can be challenging and time-consuming. I feel that this lack of standardization can add unnecessary burden on the teacher and pose demand for more teachers for the children. Conclusion Through this paper I have put forth my understanding of the child and therefore, I have emphasized that a child should be allowed to grow and nurture in a compatible environment. The Montessori and Regio-Emmilia method are helpful in this endeavour. But as a teacher I feel that the approaches and underlying principles of the Kumon method is something I intend to implement. Although, the Regio Emilia approach have generated momentum in the present context but it has certain shortcomings that a teacher can pose a setback. Otherwise, I recommend a sustainable and holistic approach for framework of the primary school education. References Ahmadpour, N., Mujembari, A. K. (2015). The impact of Montessori teaching method on IQ levels of 5-year old children.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,205, 122-127. Arseven, A. (2014). THE REGGIO EMILIA APPROACH AND CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.International Journal of Academic Research,6(1). Bond, V. L. (2015). Sounds to share: The state of music education in three Reggio Emiliainspired North American preschools.Journal of research in music education,62(4), 462-484. Bray, M. (2013). Shadow education: Comparative perspectives on the expansion and implications of private supplementary tutoring.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,77, 412-420. Cutter-Mackenzie, A., Edwards, S. (2013). Toward a model for early childhood environmental education: Foregrounding, developing, and connecting knowledge through play-based learning.The Journal of Environmental Education,44(3), 195-213. Hayat, H. (2017).The Use of Team Assisted Individualization (TAI) Method in Teaching Reading Comprehension on Narrative Text, A Quasi Experiment at First Grade Senior High School of Al-Irsyad Banten(Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Islam Negeri" Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin" BANTEN). Hennessey, A., Dionigi, R. A. (2013). Implementing cooperative learning in Australian primary schools: Generalist teachers' perspectives.Issues in Educational Research,23(1), 52-68. Ho?evar, A., ebart, M. K., tefanc, D. (2013). Curriculum planning and the concept of participation in the Reggio Emilia pedagogical approach.European early childhood education research journal,21(4), 476-488. Kelemen, D., Emmons, N. A., Seston Schillaci, R., Ganea, P. A. (2014). Young children can be taught basic natural selection using a picture-storybook intervention.Psychological science,25(4), 893-902. Lillard, A. S. (2013). Playful learning and Montessori education.American journal of play,5(2), 157. Luke, A. (2018). The social construction of literacy in the primary school. InCritical Literacy, Schooling, and Social Justice(pp. 46-92). Routledge. Slipp, K. (2017). The Image of a Child and the Reggio Emilia Philosophy.

Strategic Investment in Information System

Introduction In the current business world that is typified by relatively high levels of competition, firms are investing in various information systems (Stair Reynolds 2013; Hodge, Kennedy Maines 2004). An information system is a collection of people and digital processes, which are important in handling information of consumers (Laudon Laudon 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Investment in Information System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Strategic investment refers to business decisions that are made by firms and individuals for the reason of generating steady returns in the short-term and long-term. This paper aims at discussing the concept of strategic investment in IS. It draws on the case study provided and academic sources of information. Body Levy and Powell (2005) have proposed four concepts vis-à  -vis implementing IS, which are evident in the case study. First, Horace’s coo rdination of business activities is greatly supported by the use of IS. In the case study, it is clear that the entrepreneur was able to effectively manage transactions with his clients. Consequently, the market share for the firm was remarkably increased. Second, efficiency was promoted by the adoption of both emails and a web page for the firm. They implied that the business could respond to customers within a relatively short period, unlike in the previous time when much paperwork was involved. As a result of increased efficiency, value was added in relation to the existing customers. Third, the repositioning concept is clear is the case study the reason that the company used emails and a web page with the goal of achieving growths in the market. In fact, when Horace realised that emails were not effective, he shifted to the use of a web page so that he could reposition the company in the market. Through this, he was able to achieve relatively high margins from the existing custo mers. Fourth, the aspect of collaboration has been stressed in the case study. In consultation with his information technology expert, Horace adopted a unique website that enabled customers to utilise their credit cards in making orders and payments for goods. Thus, collaboration with IT professionals could go a long way in supporting various investments in IS because they are typified by high levels of expertise.  For a business to thrive in the contemporary business world, it needs to invest in an excellent website that would act as a communication link between it and its customers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Management teams of business establishments should always focus on using IS to gain more market shares and competitive advantage. From the information provided in the case study, it is evident that Horace started his company with the goal of offering unique pro ducts that could be supported by good use of information technology. However, along the way, he found that his first form of IT application, a web page, was not effective towards meeting customer demands. Consequently, he shifted to the use of emails, which could be utilised to communicate with consumers more effectively. A fast expansion pace of the firm resulted in mismanagement of information about clients. In fact, clients contacted Horace, expressing their disappointment that made the entrepreneur offer them better deals. Although companies can benefit from the use of IS, they need to be concerned about ethical issues that might arise from outsourcing their software requirements and IT infrastructure (Lacity Hirschheim 2012). In addition, it has been noted that legal implications and issues in relation to the management of business intelligence might result from the implementation of IS in a business establishment. Management teams of companies can use protective, pre-emptive, exploitive, and corrective methods in their IS programmes (Beckinsale, Levy Powell, 2006; Melville, Kraemer Gurbaxani 2004). Conclusion This paper has demonstrated that IS tools are important in enabling business establishments to perform better than their business rivals. In the context of competitive business environments, management teams of companies are required to use different approaches in relation to IS. Some of these are protective, pre-emptive, exploitive, and corrective methods that lead to excellent outcomes. References Beckinsale, M, Levy, M, Powell, P, 2006, ‘Exploring internet adoption drivers in SMEs’, Electronic Markets, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 361-370. Hodge, FD, Kennedy, JJ, Maines, LA, 2004, ‘Does search-facilitating technology improve the transparency of financial reporting?’, The Accounting Review, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 687-703.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Investment in Information System specifical ly for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lacity, MC, Hirschheim, R, 2012, ‘The information systems outsourcing bandwagon, Sloan management review, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 23-28. Laudon, KC, Laudon, JP, 2011, Essentials of management information systems, Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Levy, M, Powell, P, Eds., 2005, Strategies for growth in SMEs: The role of information and information systems, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Melville, N, Kraemer, K, Gurbaxani, V, 2004, ‘Review: Information technology and organizational performance: An integrative model of IT business value’, MIS quarterly, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 283-322. Stair, R, Reynolds, G, 2013, Fundamentals of information systems, Cengage Learning, Boston, MA. This essay on Strategic Investment in Information System was written and submitted by user Miranda Delaney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.