Classical School of Management Theories - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 551 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: School Essay Scientific Essay Did you like this example? Different School of Management Theories : 1) Classical Theory : One of the first schools of management thought, the classical management theory, was developed during the age of Industrial Revolution during the period from 1900s to mid-1930. During this period the classical theories of organization began to emerge. This theory belief that employees have only economical and physical needs, and their social needs and job-satisfaction either dont exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, this school advocates high specialization of labor, centralized decision making, and profit maximization. This school of thought is made up of two branches : a) classical scientific and b) classical administrative, described as follows : a) Classical Scientific Theory : Frederick Taylor is called as the â€Å"father of scientific management. † It is focused on the main work force involved directly with the production. This method emphasized to ensure productivity of the individual workers by : †¢ Select workers with appropriate abilities for each job †¢ Train workers to carry out the given job efficiently †¢ Support workers by proper planning Provide wage incentive to the workers for increased output With this theory, Time And Motion Studies and Differential Piece Rate Methods are also used to increase the productivity. b) Classical Administrative Theory : Among all well-known contributors, Henry Fayol is called as the most notable contributor to this theory. Administrative theory focused on the total organization It is focused on the administrative aspects of management which directly or indirectly effect productivity of the organisation. He discussed 14 general principles of management. 1. Division of labor. Specialization of labour results in increased productivity. Both managerial and technical work are amenable to specialization. 2. Authority. Authority was defined by Fayol as the right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. It is nee ded to carry out managerial responsibilities. 3. Discipline. Employees must respect the rules that govern the organization. 4. Unity of command. Employees should receive orders from only one superior. 5. Unity of direction. Each group of activities in an organization should be grouped together under one head and one plan. 6. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest The interests of one person should not be placed before the interests of the organization as a whole. 7. Remuneration. Compensation should be based on systematic attempt to reward good performance. 8. Centralization. The degree to which centralization or decentralization should be adopted depends on the specific organization, but managers should retain final responsibility to do the tasks successfully. . Scalar chain. A chain of authority should extend from the top to the bottom of the organization. This chain implements the unity-of-command principle and allows the orderly flow of information. 10. Order. Human and material resources must be in the right place at the right time. 11. Equity. Employees should be treated as equally as possible. 12. Stability of personnel. Successful firms usually had a stable group of employees. 13. Initiative. Employees should have the freedom to take initiative. 14. Esprit de corps. Managers should encourage a sense of unity of effort through harmony of interests. Limitations of Classical Theory : †¢ Workers and unions began to oppose his approach because they feared that working harder or faster would exhaust whatever work was available Causing layoffs. †¢ Critics objected to the speed up condition that placed undue pressure on employees to perform at faster and faster levels. †¢ As a result more workers joined unions and thus reinforced a pattern of suspicious and mistrust that shaded labor relations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Classical School of Management Theories" essay for you Create order

A Description Of The Biology Of Bone - 5430 Words

4 Chapter 2 Background 2.1 Introduction Chapter 2 will describe the essential background information needed to understand this thesis project. A description of the biology of bone will be provided first and its focus will be limited to femurs and tibiae, since those are the structures we have used throughout this project. As well, we will briefly describe the analysis techniques that are currently used to evaluate bones. Furthermore the theory behind the used technique and instrumentation will be addressed. Previous bone studies using transcutaneous in vivo Raman spectroscopy will also be described, as well as the differences between them and the present thesis project. 2.2 Bone Structure and Composition Bones†¦show more content†¦12 Both the cortical and trabecular structures provide ions like calcium phosphate, phosphorous, sodium and magnesium that are basic to maintain the homeostasis of the bone. Figure 1. Hierarchical structure of bone. Cotical bone is made of osteons (10-500  µm). Osteons are composed of concentric lamella (3-7  µm) and a Haversian cannal. A lamella is composed of mineralized collagen fibers, which are made up of collagen fibrils (0.5  µm each). A fibril is made up of collagen molecules and apatite nano-crystals.11 The three major components of bone tissues are: type I collagen, water and dahllite crystals. 13 Dahllites are plate-shaped carbonated apatite crystals, which have â€Å"small but significant amounts of impurities such as HPO4, Na, Mg, citrate, carbonate, K†. 14,15 The apatite crystal lattice is then responsible for the degree of mineralization in bone tissue. Type I collagen is the primary matrix component and its molecules are secreted by Cortical bone Osteons Haversian canal Concentric lamella Mineralized collagen fibrils Collagen molecule Apatite nanocrystals 6 osteoblasts, these molecules will then arrange into collagen fibrils and subsequently to collagen fibers, which are the basis to lamellae. Type I collagen despite being the primary protein is not the only one present in bone tissue, which also contains non-collagenous proteins.Show MoreRelatedBiol101 Homework Assignment 2 Essay818 Words   |  4 Pagesafter a bad car accident. The medical team has decided that this patient is a good candidate for a clinical trial using stem cell therapy. Your friend has not had a biology course since high school, so you are going to write for him or her a two-page discussion of stem cell information. In your discussion, include a description of the biology of stem cells, and explain how these cells are unique in their ability to treat diseases and injury. The following website from NIH regarding stem cell researchRead MoreWhat Stromer Named Spinosaurus Aegyptiacus ( Mueller 2014 )775 Words   |  4 Pages(Mueller 2014). The most striking was the partial fossil of a large dinosaur that had large neural spines, bony extensions perpendicular to and connected to the vertebrae. This partial skeleton was the holotype, the first specimen in which the description and name of the animal is based on, of what Stromer named Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (Mueller 2014). The skeleton was stored and put on display in the Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Geology in Munich. The remains stayed there untilRead MoreAdult Stem Cells1234 Words   |  5 PagesWritten Assignment 2: Biology and Technology in the Real World Addresses course outcomes 2 and 3: †¢ use knowledge of biological principles to ask relevant questions about the natural world †¢ make observations and discriminate between scientific and pseudoscientific explanations 1. Select one of the following topics below. 2. Find articles related to the topic. 3. Write two pages, double spaced, excluding references. You must read the articles that you find and summarize the informationRead MoreZoology Essay1264 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of such animals as the dogfish, chick, and octopus, he noted that general structures appear before specialized ones, and he also distinguished between asexual and sexual reproduction. His Historia Animalium contains accurate descriptions of extant animals of Greece and Asia Minor. 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Moving onto the middle ages, European thinking was controlled by biblical scholars. The questioned human origin and cultural development. It was treated as an issue of religious belief. These questions were promoting the idea god created all human existence and all of human diversity. To end the middle ages, there were times when European explorers would have to give an exceptional description of the foreign culturesRead MoreA Career in Athletic Training Essay516 Words   |  3 PagesA Career in Athletic Training The occupation is an athletic trainer. The job description is to work with athletes in an effort to prevent injuries. They work in amateur and professional sports. Once injuries occur, the athletic trainer is required to evaluate the problem and get the athlete the proper medical treatment. He or she also makes sure that athletes are physically ready and able to play after an injury. Athletic trainers set up physical conditioning programs for athletes, workRead MoreDiffrent Type of Doctors1412 Words   |  6 Pagesrelated ailments. Endocrinologist: A doctor who studies disorders of the endocrine system and their glands, like thyroid problems and other such hormonal imbalances and the specific secretions of hormones is what entails an endocrinologist job description. Epidemiologist: Epidemiologist are the doctors who are also known as disease detectives. They carry out study of diseases and come up with ways of prevention of diseases through vaccinations, etc. Family Practitioner: These are your friendlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Human Dissection799 Words   |  4 Pagesdo these things when a human body became available. Which would impact them greatly when it came to real life situations, and would decrease the chances of them messing up on live people in surgery. Animal dissections are used to understand basic biology. Knowing the physiology of how the body works lets physicians make more informed diagnosis and medicine that target specific bacteria, or specific areas of the body. I think that live animals are important to the advancement of medicine because whenRead MoreNarrative Of A Mother Daughter1061 Words   |  5 Pages/ clarifying as the fine bones of her hips sharpen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (6-8). The two features â€Å"clarifying† and â€Å"sharpening† are results of juxtaposing influences, creating a literary paradox. At only thirty-five years of age, the mother is still young, but has certainly lived long enough to expe rience the beginning or â€Å"previewing† of aging in her body, evidenced by the fold of her neck. The mother notes a preview she sees in her daughter’s frame as well. The â€Å"sharpen[ing]† of her hip bones gives a small glimpse into

Perspective on Childhood Learning-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Identify and compare key perspectives that have contributed to current approaches to early childhood education. Answer: Introduction The aim of this paper is to discuss my perspective on children that have informed my pedagogical framework of early childhood education. The paper highlights the perspectives and approaches that have been influential in the teaching and learning of primary children. Through these elucidations and explorations, I reflect on my outlook regarding effective teaching and learning that would enable the children to realise their potential. The paper has been organized on the themes of my beliefs about children and learning, my beliefs on teaching and the contemporary view on teaching. Beliefs about children and learning Children need to grow and nurture rather than being pushed to stiff and cut-throat competition. The dominant images of children are that they are innocent and dependant thus reinforcing perpetual guardianship to monitor their activities. While I strongly believe that children need monitoring and attention, however I do not subscribe the view that they need patronizing care (Luke, 2018). Education of children should try to bring out their potential and stoke their interests towards learning. Children should be treated as autonomous individuals and the role of the teacher and parent should be to ignite them an interest for learning. Children should be motivated to realize their full potential and their morale should be boosted so that they become responsible individuals (Hennessey Dionigi, 2013). The Montessori philosophy emphasizes that the classroom should be an environment that should be collaborative in nature by the children, teacher and the environment (Ahmadpour Mujembari, 201 5). The children would autonomously make individual choice that would provide them an opportunity to make decisions for themselves and learn to take responsibilities of their own. Steiners philosophy of education would also be useful in the development of the child as this philosophy proposes for a curriculum and educational setting that would inspire the child to learn. This can be done through the means of creative play, stories, songs and interaction with the nature and involvement of the child (Kelemen et al., 2014). This framework would encourage the child to explore the environment, imbibing important skills, the values of sharing and culminate to the emotional quotient of the children. Children are imaginative and spontaneous and therefore, the purpose of education should be to nurture that spirit within the children. Children also tend to imitate the adults and for them the immediate role models are the older children. The older children tend to reinforce their learning on t he younger children (Cutter-Mackenzie., Edwards, 2013). Therefore, multi-age groupings would inculcate the spirit of peer-group learning. Dr. Maria Montessori opine that in the phase of childhood, children experience sensitive periods, also known as windows of opportunity. The Reggio Emilia movement ushered in a wave of change in the field of primary school education for education. This philosophical tenet of this movement is in consonance with my view of the child. Unlike, the traditional constructions of children as dependant, this philosophy recognize the agentic quality of the child. I feel that childhood is an important phase where the children can make sense of themselves. Secondly, the children should interact with the adults and they are co-learners. Children should learn and develop by participating in the designing of the school curriculum. The feature of this curriculum children and adults collaborating. The planning in this kind of approach should be based on documenting the language of the child, observation and recording of interests and ideas of the child that would enhance and underline the agency of the child. There should be assessment that is based on the portfolios comprising of the work selected and decided by the student in collab oration with their teacher. There should also be interviews with children about their learning and promote peer review and augment the agency of the children. Beliefs on teaching The Kumon method of teaching and learning propounded by Toru Kumon of Japan has been revolutionary in the field of early childhood education. This method makes the students equipped to handle methods without being directly taught to them (Bray, 2013). The highlight of this method is that it incorporates new content that is imbibed and retained by the students even after they graduate from school. The effectiveness of the method lies in its systematic approach towards the education of the child. The first step of teaching a new concept is with the adequate use of illustrations. In the subsequent stage, the difficulty level of the students is increased with the aim that this would enhance their learning. This allows students to learn how to form links with the concepts and the topics that they have already learnt in the class. Another feature of the Kumon method that is sustainable for the learning outcome of the children. This feature of providing individualized instruction to each of the children and would enable to bring out their potential and promote the holistic development of their academic capabilities (Hayat, 2017). The instructor makes a close observation of the students and evaluates their abilities. This is followed by guiding each of the children based on their potential. The last stage is collecting feedback from the children and improvising on the teaching technique of the students. The Kumon educator inspires the students to be responsible and cultivate a positive outlook towards academics. The kumon teachers also believe that students should feel confident and independent. To materialize this outlook, the educators continuously evaluate the performance of the child and encourage the students to participate with keenness in their academic endeavour (Lillard, 2013). Based on the philosophy and features of the kumon method of learning, I feel method would be effective and pragmatic to teach and learn children for a better future. As a teacher, my role would be guide my students and help them to realize their potential. I do not affirm to the notion of education that is premised on spoon-feeding the children. Teaching should not amount to being a crutch for the student but rather being an efficient educator who equips the students to use all the skills in the right manner. I feel that merely teaching a concept without providing illustrations is not impactful. Stud ies have shown that the use of illustrations intensify the understanding capacity and retaining power of the children. If a children forgets what is being taught and imparted in the classroom, it is because the correct method is not being followed. Therefore, as a teacher it would be my goal to instill confidence and curiosity in children so that they are interested to take on new challenges. The curriculum design should be in such a manner that level of toughness in terms of the module is in an ascending order, providing the students to learn and then take on the next set of hurdles. Teaching and learning is a two-way process. I need to understand whether the children are able to understand the contents of the module, whether they are facing difficulties or whether there is a need for improvement. This can be done when I have feedback from the children. This will also encourage children to understand their individual learning capacities and embolden me to provide attention to them based on their personalized learning outcome. Beliefs about contemporary views In the contemporary times, the Reggio Emilia approach that views the child as capable, strong and agentic have been quite popular. The Reggio-Emilia approach stood out for its view considering the child as an autonomous individual who is capable of realising his or her own potential (Bond, 2015). Multi-arts approach has been one of the highlights of the Reggio-Emilia philosophy. This approach empowers students to learn and retain better information for a protracted period of time. Children are also able to apply the techniques learnt in their own artwork and create superior quality artwork (Slipp, 2017). The Reggio-Emilia approach perceives children as capable learners who can acquire knowledge through their instinctive curiosity. In this process, what they decides to become, will turn into an important element in their growth as an individual. The collaborative and collective disposition of the Reggio-Emilia approach goes a long way in the effective learning of the child. The parent s, teachers and children are equal partners in the development of the child (Arseven, 2014). Apart from independent learning of the child, it also documents the learning progress of the child through taking pictures, collecting transcripts from children and their artwork. It believes there is no one way of learning and there should be the adoption of multiple learning tools and instruments at the disposal of the teachers for teaching the children. But as a teacher I have identified certain drawback of this method as it leads to a complete loss of control in contrast to the earlier modes of teaching. Another shortcoming of this method is that there is not a fixed curriculum as it is the interest of the children that informs the curriculum plan (Ho?evar, ebart tefanc, 2013). This can be challenging and time-consuming. I feel that this lack of standardization can add unnecessary burden on the teacher and pose demand for more teachers for the children. Conclusion Through this paper I have put forth my understanding of the child and therefore, I have emphasized that a child should be allowed to grow and nurture in a compatible environment. The Montessori and Regio-Emmilia method are helpful in this endeavour. But as a teacher I feel that the approaches and underlying principles of the Kumon method is something I intend to implement. Although, the Regio Emilia approach have generated momentum in the present context but it has certain shortcomings that a teacher can pose a setback. Otherwise, I recommend a sustainable and holistic approach for framework of the primary school education. References Ahmadpour, N., Mujembari, A. K. (2015). The impact of Montessori teaching method on IQ levels of 5-year old children.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,205, 122-127. Arseven, A. (2014). THE REGGIO EMILIA APPROACH AND CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.International Journal of Academic Research,6(1). Bond, V. L. (2015). Sounds to share: The state of music education in three Reggio Emiliainspired North American preschools.Journal of research in music education,62(4), 462-484. Bray, M. (2013). Shadow education: Comparative perspectives on the expansion and implications of private supplementary tutoring.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,77, 412-420. Cutter-Mackenzie, A., Edwards, S. (2013). Toward a model for early childhood environmental education: Foregrounding, developing, and connecting knowledge through play-based learning.The Journal of Environmental Education,44(3), 195-213. Hayat, H. (2017).The Use of Team Assisted Individualization (TAI) Method in Teaching Reading Comprehension on Narrative Text, A Quasi Experiment at First Grade Senior High School of Al-Irsyad Banten(Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Islam Negeri" Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin" BANTEN). Hennessey, A., Dionigi, R. A. (2013). Implementing cooperative learning in Australian primary schools: Generalist teachers' perspectives.Issues in Educational Research,23(1), 52-68. Ho?evar, A., ebart, M. K., tefanc, D. (2013). Curriculum planning and the concept of participation in the Reggio Emilia pedagogical approach.European early childhood education research journal,21(4), 476-488. Kelemen, D., Emmons, N. A., Seston Schillaci, R., Ganea, P. A. (2014). Young children can be taught basic natural selection using a picture-storybook intervention.Psychological science,25(4), 893-902. Lillard, A. S. (2013). Playful learning and Montessori education.American journal of play,5(2), 157. Luke, A. (2018). The social construction of literacy in the primary school. InCritical Literacy, Schooling, and Social Justice(pp. 46-92). Routledge. Slipp, K. (2017). The Image of a Child and the Reggio Emilia Philosophy.

Strategic Investment in Information System

Introduction In the current business world that is typified by relatively high levels of competition, firms are investing in various information systems (Stair Reynolds 2013; Hodge, Kennedy Maines 2004). An information system is a collection of people and digital processes, which are important in handling information of consumers (Laudon Laudon 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Investment in Information System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Strategic investment refers to business decisions that are made by firms and individuals for the reason of generating steady returns in the short-term and long-term. This paper aims at discussing the concept of strategic investment in IS. It draws on the case study provided and academic sources of information. Body Levy and Powell (2005) have proposed four concepts vis-à  -vis implementing IS, which are evident in the case study. First, Horace’s coo rdination of business activities is greatly supported by the use of IS. In the case study, it is clear that the entrepreneur was able to effectively manage transactions with his clients. Consequently, the market share for the firm was remarkably increased. Second, efficiency was promoted by the adoption of both emails and a web page for the firm. They implied that the business could respond to customers within a relatively short period, unlike in the previous time when much paperwork was involved. As a result of increased efficiency, value was added in relation to the existing customers. Third, the repositioning concept is clear is the case study the reason that the company used emails and a web page with the goal of achieving growths in the market. In fact, when Horace realised that emails were not effective, he shifted to the use of a web page so that he could reposition the company in the market. Through this, he was able to achieve relatively high margins from the existing custo mers. Fourth, the aspect of collaboration has been stressed in the case study. In consultation with his information technology expert, Horace adopted a unique website that enabled customers to utilise their credit cards in making orders and payments for goods. Thus, collaboration with IT professionals could go a long way in supporting various investments in IS because they are typified by high levels of expertise.  For a business to thrive in the contemporary business world, it needs to invest in an excellent website that would act as a communication link between it and its customers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Management teams of business establishments should always focus on using IS to gain more market shares and competitive advantage. From the information provided in the case study, it is evident that Horace started his company with the goal of offering unique pro ducts that could be supported by good use of information technology. However, along the way, he found that his first form of IT application, a web page, was not effective towards meeting customer demands. Consequently, he shifted to the use of emails, which could be utilised to communicate with consumers more effectively. A fast expansion pace of the firm resulted in mismanagement of information about clients. In fact, clients contacted Horace, expressing their disappointment that made the entrepreneur offer them better deals. Although companies can benefit from the use of IS, they need to be concerned about ethical issues that might arise from outsourcing their software requirements and IT infrastructure (Lacity Hirschheim 2012). In addition, it has been noted that legal implications and issues in relation to the management of business intelligence might result from the implementation of IS in a business establishment. Management teams of companies can use protective, pre-emptive, exploitive, and corrective methods in their IS programmes (Beckinsale, Levy Powell, 2006; Melville, Kraemer Gurbaxani 2004). Conclusion This paper has demonstrated that IS tools are important in enabling business establishments to perform better than their business rivals. In the context of competitive business environments, management teams of companies are required to use different approaches in relation to IS. Some of these are protective, pre-emptive, exploitive, and corrective methods that lead to excellent outcomes. References Beckinsale, M, Levy, M, Powell, P, 2006, ‘Exploring internet adoption drivers in SMEs’, Electronic Markets, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 361-370. Hodge, FD, Kennedy, JJ, Maines, LA, 2004, ‘Does search-facilitating technology improve the transparency of financial reporting?’, The Accounting Review, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 687-703.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Investment in Information System specifical ly for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lacity, MC, Hirschheim, R, 2012, ‘The information systems outsourcing bandwagon, Sloan management review, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 23-28. Laudon, KC, Laudon, JP, 2011, Essentials of management information systems, Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Levy, M, Powell, P, Eds., 2005, Strategies for growth in SMEs: The role of information and information systems, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Melville, N, Kraemer, K, Gurbaxani, V, 2004, ‘Review: Information technology and organizational performance: An integrative model of IT business value’, MIS quarterly, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 283-322. Stair, R, Reynolds, G, 2013, Fundamentals of information systems, Cengage Learning, Boston, MA. This essay on Strategic Investment in Information System was written and submitted by user Miranda Delaney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Deterrence

By Gerard Chretien Deterrence is a theory of International relations based in Realism. Essentially, it tries to explain the situation of when two or more states threaten retaliation if attacked, in order to deter the attack. It is therefore possible to very simply state deterrence as "You hit me, I hit you." For this essay, two main questions have to be addressed, ‘Has it worked?’ and ‘Does it make sense?’ To answer these questions, I will firstly define what deterrence is, I will then examine some of the main arguments for and against it, in theory and in reality; finally, I will show some of the consequences of states following such a policy. Deterrence, as already stated, can concern itself with any form of threatened counter-attack, however, for this essay, I shall be concentrating on Nuclear deterrence, using examples from the cold war, therefore, when the word ‘deterrence’ is used, it should be taken as ‘nuclear deterrence’. Hedley Bull describe s deterrence as follows: "To say that country A deters country B from doing something is to imply the following: (i) That Country A conveys to Country B a threat to inflict punishment or deprivation of values if it embarks on a certain course of action; (ii) That Country B might otherwise embark on that course of action; (iii) That Country B believes that Country A has the capacity and the will to carry out the threat, and decides for this reason that the course of action is not worthwhile." Therefore, for deterrence to occur, a state must convey a message to another state, usually "these will be the public an authoritative utterances of government officials." Secondly, to use Hedley Bulls’ language, country B would consider following a course of action which Country A does not wish and does not because of the threat - not because it has no interest to. Thirdly, Country A must be able to convince Country B that it is capable of carrying out its deterrence threat and i... Free Essays on Deterrence Free Essays on Deterrence By Gerard Chretien Deterrence is a theory of International relations based in Realism. Essentially, it tries to explain the situation of when two or more states threaten retaliation if attacked, in order to deter the attack. It is therefore possible to very simply state deterrence as "You hit me, I hit you." For this essay, two main questions have to be addressed, ‘Has it worked?’ and ‘Does it make sense?’ To answer these questions, I will firstly define what deterrence is, I will then examine some of the main arguments for and against it, in theory and in reality; finally, I will show some of the consequences of states following such a policy. Deterrence, as already stated, can concern itself with any form of threatened counter-attack, however, for this essay, I shall be concentrating on Nuclear deterrence, using examples from the cold war, therefore, when the word ‘deterrence’ is used, it should be taken as ‘nuclear deterrence’. Hedley Bull describe s deterrence as follows: "To say that country A deters country B from doing something is to imply the following: (i) That Country A conveys to Country B a threat to inflict punishment or deprivation of values if it embarks on a certain course of action; (ii) That Country B might otherwise embark on that course of action; (iii) That Country B believes that Country A has the capacity and the will to carry out the threat, and decides for this reason that the course of action is not worthwhile." Therefore, for deterrence to occur, a state must convey a message to another state, usually "these will be the public an authoritative utterances of government officials." Secondly, to use Hedley Bulls’ language, country B would consider following a course of action which Country A does not wish and does not because of the threat - not because it has no interest to. Thirdly, Country A must be able to convince Country B that it is capable of carrying out its deterrence threat and i...

The Meaning of the Name Kovacs

The Meaning of the Name Kovacs Kovcs (КÐ ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‡) is a surname that means forger or smith in the Hungarian language, from the Slavonic Kovaà ¨. The Hungarian equivalent to the English surname Smith, Kovcs is the second most common surname in Hungary. Kovacs is the second most common Hungarian surname according to surname distribution data from Forebears. Surname Origin:  Hungarian, Slavic Alternate Surname Spellings:  KOVATS, KOVAC, KOVAT, KOVATS, KOVACH, KOWAL, KOVAL Fun Facts About the Kovcs Surname The Kovacs surname most commonly originates from Hungary, although this is not always the case. Similar surnames include Kovach (Carpatho-Ruthenian), Kowal (Poland) and Koval (Ukraine). The singular Kovac may be the original surname, an adaptation of Kovacs, or a shortened version of a longer name such as Dukovac. These are all just general guidelines, however. The specific surname variation used by your family may also be something as simple as a spelling change and have nothing to do with its original origin. Famous People With the Surname Ernie Kovacs, popular American television comedianLszlà ³ Kovcs, legendary cinematographerTom Kovach, American author and activistLuca KovaÄ , a fictional character (doctor) portrayed by Goran ViÃ… ¡njić on the American television series ER Genealogy Resources Kovacs/Kovats FamilyTree DNA ProjectThis Y-DNA project is open to all individuals with the surnames Kovacs, Kovats, or any derivative such as Kovaks, Kovak, Kovac, Kohen, Kohan, Kohn, Kovan, etc., of any ethnic or religious background.   Kovacs Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Kovacs family crest or coat of arms for the Kovacs surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Kovcs Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Kovcs surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Kovcs query. The Kovacs Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the popular last name Kovacs from the website of Genealogy Today. Source: Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

How effective were Jim Crow Laws Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How effective were Jim Crow Laws - Assignment Example In fact, freedom that the black population had once obtained meant practically nothing with such a system in law. Jim Crow laws were elaborated as a system of segregation and discrimination of African Americas, practiced in the southern states and some of the border states. These were laws which separated people of color from the white population and restricted contacts between them in various public places, schools, jobs, and housing. They were totally based on the supremacy of whites. If to talk about the origin of the name of the laws, it comes from a minstrel character Jim Crow, popular in the early 1800s. This is still unclear how, but the characters name Jim Crow became widely associated with the laws, customs and etiquette, which promoted segregation of African Americans from the 1870s to the 1960s (Pilgrim, 2012). Jim Crow laws turned to be especially effective if to take electoral system into consideration. The key idea was to decrease the number of black voters. First of all, it is worthy to mention poll taxes, which required people to pay a fee to register for voting. A lot of poor people could not afford this, which is why most African Americans  and  Native Americans  had no opportunity to vote, as well as poor whites. Blacks were also denied the right to vote on the basis of grandfather clauses. This right was restricted only to those blacks whose ancestors had voted before the Civil War (Pilgrim, 2012). One more device for restricting voting rights was literacy tests. For instance, such a task: ‘Name all the Vice Presidents and Supreme Court Justices throughout America’s history’ (Pilgrim, 2012). Not so many people could cope with it. Finally, white primaries, established by the Democratic Party in the southern states. According to them, only white voters were permitted to participate in elections. This is true that such a strategy turned to be really effective. In Mississippi, for instance, fewer

CEO Compensation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CEO Compensation - Essay Example y, the works that are expected for the CEO to perform, and the economic status of the company, if it is gaining much for a certain period that will qualify whether the CEO deserved the amount of pay. As noted by Solomon (2007), survey says that the CEOs in the US are really overpaid because there is â€Å"an absence of objective ways to measure an executive performance†. Secondly, much is expected from an American company so these companies live up with the expectations. Tough competitions set in, and to stay on â€Å"top†, companies must hire the â€Å"best† CEO to run their company. And the â€Å"best way† to have the â€Å"best† CEO to come and stay in the company is to lure them with excessive salaries and benefits even before they will produce results as what most CEOs in the US enjoy now. Japanese CEOs generally received much lower levels of compensation compared to their counterparts in the US. As reported by Wiseman and Del Jones (2009) in the USA Today, CEOs of big companies only earned an average of $809, 000 in 2003, with a difference of $11.4 million compared with the CEOs of the US. This fact alone, however, is not sufficient to imply that U.S. CEOs are overpaid. It is because big companies in Japan are generally smaller compared to big companies in the US. Relatively, it is unfair to compare the compensation received by CEOs of small companies to big companies. On the other hand, the practices of US companies in encouraging CEOs to join them are not being practiced in Japan. As Wiseman and Del Jones (2009) noted â€Å"Japanese firms rarely poach talent from rival firms, outbidding each other for management superstars†. Usually, CEOs of companies in Japan were previously rank-and-file employees of the company they are working with who worked hard for th e company for several years until they reached the top position. Chief executive officers of US companies are very much benefited when there is an increase if the company’s value within a certain period.

A Comparison of Mac OSX Tiger and Microsoft Windows Vista Essay Example for Free

A Comparison of Mac OSX Tiger and Microsoft Windows Vista Essay Introduction: Microsofts Windows and Apples Mac OSX are one of the most prominent Operating Systems in the world. Both have millions of Active users and are considered as major rivals. Both Operating systems have their specific advantages as well as some disadvantages. Both operating systems have evolved throughout the time in a specific manner and has managed to create their own identity. This paper will compare the latest releases of both software giants i.e. â€Å"Microsoft Windows Vista† and â€Å"Mac OSX Tiger†. A Comparison of Microsoft Windows Vista and Mac OSX Tiger: Mac OSX Tiger 10.4x is the latest release of the OSX series of operating systems released by Apple Corps. This version was released in spring 2005. Like its predecessors Tigers foundation is laid on the Unix Kernel â€Å"Darwin†. The Unix foundation has made Tiger more secure and reliable than its non Unix rivals like Microsofts Windows. There are no known Viruses, Worms or Spywares which can force Tiger to compromise . Vistas predecessor Windows XP has been under attack by the hackers and viruses since its release for the first time which compelled Microsoft to fix the loopholes in the form of service packs. That why its successor Vista has been developed with security in mind. Though Vista seems to be more secure than XP or other earlier Windows releases but it has not achieved 100% immunity against viruses and worms. Apple has maintained a policy of releasing new versions roughly after every 18 months. Due to this approach the changes and innovations made in the new versions were not that prominent to confuse the users. On the contrary Microsoft has not released any new version after the release of Windows XP in 2001. Thus the change in Vista is more dramatic than change in Tiger. Speaking about the GUI and its features Tiger and Vista share many similarities. Because Tiger is a couple of years older than Vista seems to draw many features and ideas from Tiger. Some notable similarities are in icons. Vista has also change the names of â€Å"My Documents† and â€Å"My Computer† folder to â€Å"Documents† and â€Å"Computer† same as in Tiger. The term Vista Aero Interface is very similar to Tigers Aqua interface in terminology. The buttons and other interface details have the same shiny round look as in Tiger. Tigers most amazing feature is its spotlight search technology which is borrowed by Vista in such a way that even the search button is identical to it, only the magnifying glass turns on the opposite side. But along these similarities Vista is more advanced and sophisticated than Tiger in a number of ways. Vista provides a more sophisticated file previewing technology not found in Tiger. It can even preview text files. Moreover Vistas folder give the preview of the files located inside them a feature not found in Tiger. Moreover Vista can scale icons and previews up to 128 by 128 pixels. Regarding file management and searching Vista and Tiger share many similarities. Vistas new file searching technologies are very similar to Tigers spotlight technology, but Vista goes further ahead and provides the facility of adding meta data in Internet Explorer directly. Vista provides multiple fields for searching and adding meta data a feature not available in Tiger. Vista has also borrowed the idea of Tigers smart folders renaming them as virtual folders. But Vista has also developed some advanced file management features not found in Tiger. Vista provides a new backup system which record changes in the backed up files time to time and save them in a protected folder. Vista has also developed a feature available in Mac OSX since its earlier times. OSX has the ability to create any document in PDF. Vista on the other hand has given support to change any document in Metro an universal XML document format. Regarding networking Vista is far more superior than Tiger. This is basically because Vista is more compatible to Microsoft servers than Tiger. Vista has also provided the facility to connect to a project on the network and send presentations to it. Vista is also introducing Ipv6 protocol, a feature which is available in OSX since Panther. Vista also has a better support for RSS feeds, Weblogs etc. Media Center is a feature which can certainly be called the pride of Microsoft in the world of Desktops and operating systems. Because neither Tiger nor any other competitor such accomplished media center facitlities as provided by Microsoft. The feature first introduced in Windows XP Media Center edition has shown further enhancements and innovations in this regard. Conclusion: Though Vista is a major innovative change for Windows users many new features introduced in Vista are not that new in the world of desktops. Tiger and some other operating systems have introduced them a couple of years ago. But Vista has gone further beyond. There are many features and advances in Vista which are not found in any operating system currently. Security is the key problem thats why Vista provides more sophisticated security features than Tiger. Vista also has the advantage of the largest number of software support which Tiger doesnt. But Tiger has support of open source softwares thanks to its Unix foundation. One can conclude that each operating system is superior to its rival in some characteristics and lacks some features found in the other. References James Fallows (2006), Microsoft Reboots: A Preview of the New Versions of Windows and Office, The Atlantic Monthly. Volume: 298. Issue: 5 The Atlantic Monthly Magazine J.V. Bolkan (2005), Facing the Future: Computer Hardware Is Getting a New Set of Standards. Find out How They Will Affect Your Future Purchases, Learning Leading with Technology. Volume: 33. Issue: 3, International Society for Technology in Education. Royal Van Horn (2006), The Perfect Computer and Web Browser Updates, Phi Delta Kappan. Volume: 88. Issue: 1. Publication Year: 2006. Page Number: 7, Phi Delta Kappa, Inc

White collar and corporate crime Essay -- essays research papers

Why does white collar and corporate crime tend to go undetected, Or if detected not prosecuted White collar and corporate crimes are crimes that many people do not associate with criminal activity. Yet the cost to the country due to corporate and white collar crime far exceeds that of â€Å"street† crime and benefit fraud. White collar and corporate crimes refer to crimes that take place within a business or institution and include everything from Tax fraud to health and safety breaches. Corporate crime is extremely difficult to detect for many reasons. One major reason is that many people do not realise a crime is being committed as corporate crime is often seen as a victimless crime. At face value this may seem to be the case but if you look deeper you will see that this is not true. Every year the FBI estimates that 19,000 Americans are murdered every year compared with the 56,000 Americans who die every year from occupational disease such as black lung and asbestosis (Russell Mokhiber 2000). Deaths Caused by corporate crime are also very indirect so it can be very difficult to trace the problem to the corporation. Another reason it can be difficult to detect corporate crime is that directors within a corporation are unlikely to report the criminal activity of their colleges for the fear that it will hinder their own career success and could even lead to them losing their jobs. Within a company illegal practices could be seen by many as the â€Å"in thing† and the people work...

Impact of Edsa Revolution

EDSA Revolution I In the year 1986, the Philippines was given the world’s limelight because of the nonviolent revolution to overthrow the dictatorship of Former President Ferdinand Marcos. Many countries were astounded by our country’s move and it draw much more attention because nobody died. With 2 million participants involved in the protest, the military was given a choice whether or not firing back to the protesters who are free of firearms and are only holding rosaries. And because of this the Filipino citizens were successful in overthrowing the dictatorship’s administration and the departure of the Marcos Family.The Filipino Citizens were able to taste democracy again because of the leadership of Former President Corazon Aquino after the Marcos Family left. (Santiago, 2009). As Santiago stated in her website, she detailed all the events on EDSA revolution I per day and explained it thoroughly. Reading materials like this or anything related the EDSA revolu tion makes a Filipino’s heart feel proud about what the world saw. I was not yet born during the EDSA revolution but the rest of my siblings and parents were there and experienced all the happenings.I was able to get my mother’s side of the story on what happened during the EDSA Revolution. I started to ask where she was during the EDSA Revolution (Febrauary 22-25) and said that she was at her office together with my siblings (The office where my mother is working is also our house). They were listening to updates of the events like the protests, and chaos through TV and radio. My mother was working at a printing office and she said that their clients increased because the clients were giving job orders on flyers about overthrowing Marcos’ administration.And my mother stated that the flyers they printed were distributed to people who are passing by. My mother also stated that their sales increased during that time because the job orders they received kept on com ing and coming. She said that Cardinal Sin encouraged people to join the protest on Epifanio De los Santos Avenue (EDSA) and said that when there are a lot of people, the military will have a choice whether or not to fire their bullets or let the protesters be. Even though my mother was not able to go to the protest in EDSA, she said they gave food to the people who are keeping an eye out on the rallies.My mother couldn’t join the rally because she was taking care of my siblings. But she was updated with the latest news about the progression of the rallies. After overthrowing Marcos, people rejoiced and went straight to Malcanang. Some people actually tore the pictures of the Marcos, they saw the machines used by Former President Ferdinand Marcos for his illness and it confirmed that he was really suffering from an illness. A few days after the success of overthrowing Marcos, The Marcos Family went Hawaii.Then, Former President Corazon Aquino proceeded to being the first fema le president of our country and she gained fame because of being the first female democratic president to be elected in Asia and she was able to bring back the democracy of our country. The revolution gave new insights to the Filipino citizens, my mother said that they able to know the power of people who come together and fight for what they think is wrong to the mass. And how their power as citizens value because they are also the ones in charge of choosing who will sit as president; so, they should be careful of their decision.And the Martial Law disciplined the Filipinos. Even though a lot of people are not in favor of it. It actually promoted discipline and order. My mother said that there were not a lot of changes except for the term of the president. The president had only 1 term which lasts for six years. And the dictatorship days were gone. But with regards to our country’s economic status and lifestyle, it got worst. From my mother’s story and from what I hav e read, I learned that Filipinos are people who like joining rallies involving overthrowing administrations that does not satisfy them. And they stick to what the believe in. owadays, rallying excessively does not do benefit protesters. I wonder why people were able to achieve what they are fighting for in rallies during that time. And I learned that a lot of people were really aware of all the updates about the EDSA Revolution. Social awareness was evident during that time. I discovered that when you become a voter, your responsibility if quite heavy. One vote can make or break a candidate and if a voter us not satisfied they have the freedom to say that the administration is not working well since we are in a democratic country. And also the Filipino citizens.So, before voting, think about what this candidate can do to our country or community no matter how small his place is. What matters is what the voters think and what the candidate will do satisfy his followers. And my mom sa id that Marcos had great plans for the country and I wish that there would be a president who would be able to give the country efficient projects that are feasible, so that, it can help the Filipino people rise. Reference: Santiago, Angela. (2009). â€Å"EDSA Introduction† Retrieved on January 29, 2011 from http://www. stuartxchange. org/EdsaIntro. html By: Ana Rosales

The Use Of Ethical Behavior Commerce Essay

Yes, in the concern leading, if ethical is used it will pay off in the long tally. Through the apprehension of the common ethical issues like quality, safety, belongings, and human relationship in the work place, are the specialised cognition will help in the development of concern leading through its leaders. To pay off in the long tally of the concern leading by the leaders. Harmonizing to the three theoreticians, of the three bookmans, Heifetz, Burns and Greenleaf: The value in the workplace depends on the followings of the leader which involves certain authorization for the public presentation. Besides within the workplace there are ( some ) codification of moralss which are necessary ( should ) to be followed by the leaders and employees ( people ) of the company in order to keep ( for the maintains of ) the company moralss and ( the ) moral criterions, hence supplying established guidelines and demands for a developed company. Through this, the company can be identified as a co ncern with good established leading qualities, taking by illustration and in bend supplying clear aims for all employees. This besides demonstrates to the employees the sense of teamwork and duty hence doing the workplace a more effectual environment for all workers and productiveness. ( which give the strongest for the full company and when the company seems to hold the strong leading they have the full aim to supply the strong service to the full people ) . When I combine theses three theories it will be explicating about the development of the followings values which suppose to supply the certain service holding the consistency of some authorization under the codification of ethic for the company value and norms. It is little completed to happen out what is right and incorrect with in the people holding the work in the company so it comes with the moral behaviour and the judgement of right and incorrect. So the sum-up of the whole full essay about the ethical behaviour is to keep the moral values and norms for the being of the company for the criterions along with the outstanding place of the company ( Minning & A ; Curtis, 2009 ) . If we go back for the traditional leading system it described most of the clip for the power holder by the CEO which we called more governments and seems like humdrum. Where people do non bask their rights and do non experience more democratic which takes the being of the company in bad repute. Meantime somewhat we can depict the ethic in spiritual manner where the account is on the footing of theistic apprehension which means what is the existent and good by the God shaping. The following cellar of the moral principle is based on scientific discipline where moral principle is understood by the Scientifics cogent evidence which are called as Secular ethic. If the leader fails to form the ends and aims because of the sum of the clip or some disjunction among the human relationship even though people find it is really difficult to forgive who is immoral and non ethical so those people are treated as non ethical and non respected and non trusted excessively. The value of the ethical lea ding is determine rightness and inappropriateness of all the values that have by the leaders even it is really of import for the success vision. If we see around the universe as a illustration of the good leading form the point of position of good moral and ethical manner I can advert the Mahatma Gandhi. The manner he treat to the people and the things he did for the people and state are regarded for public assistance to the people and state. The waies, memo and all the actions of the communicate take topographic point to the common quality, security, human relationship, which was really strong in him which took his leading to be a good leader. He used to show his life experience to clear up some of the combustion job which one of his good manner of clear uping to the job and the people. The leader who is honest, unselfish and dedicated to his action decidedly success his mission and aims which Mahatma Gandhi did and appreciated around the universe by his dedication to state and the people. The moralss and values come under the determination and policies doing where demand to be serious and secure which play really of import function for the future public presentation that lead the whole full people and the company in the succeeding ways. The forfeits of the clip, leader beliefs or values system will find personal and organisational success. So it is really safe to research the leader ‘s value system in the personally with organized manner. The followerss six moral values should hold a witting leader which regarded as moral moralss: Honesty is one of the really of import lesson values which come every portion of the personal behaviour and it relates where the leader attached for the public presentations. The leader should cognize himself or herself either he or she has honestness or non. When leader is pass oning to the followings or clients he or she should be Honesty. So this is indispensable quality as being the leader which keeps the moral ethical component for the good public presentation. Responsibility is another component which is uniting to the moral ethical value. A leader should be responsible for the whole company including concern activities and traffics with the employers, clients, keeping to the merchandise quality and so on which support to success the company ends and aims. The leaders duties are the illustrations to the components so the life of the leader on his duty which the leader make it and how did he do where the full people are traveling to follow.The leader might take the best and fit different so other thoughts for the resolution job which would be singular and noticeable by the full company and the people. Continuity is another quality of a leader as practician in existent life and the concern excessively in any company informal and formal. The leaders ‘ thoughts may non useful all the clip, when it seems like useless so leader does non hold to be frustrated. Leaderships should hold the continuity ability to carry through the nucleus mission of the company and leader. So one time the leader fails to pull the benefit for the company he or she should non go forth the leading. Consideration is another factor which appreciates to make the activities for the improvement of the company by the members if this cardinal point is in the head of the leader. If leader expect something making good organize the staffs so leader besides have to carry through some outlook of the client, clients, employers, commission and the community. In this instance the leader should hold the consideration capacity if the followings have done some incorrect reactions and actions excessively. The thought towards leaders ‘ signifier the follower is like really of import individual and knows everything because of the tonss of experience and survey. Because of this ground leader should come with the advanced thoughts brushs with different good public presentation to turn out that leader is good equipped with all the elements which can be described as Excellency. If leader comes any new thoughts with holding the slogan of the company improvement and their will be significance of holding slogan and anything making worth is deserving making. Devotion to the full profession is average to love to the work and walk to the destine finish where understanding and the committedness are the indispensable portion of the profession. Leading a company is challengeable occupation where certain promises and finding demand to make which assist to carry through the committedness and make the finish. To see the importance of the life as professional is person to love and lament to make the things. Dedication and devotedness are the elements to hold the involvement to the full work which comes from the committedness. So the committedness is really of import for the parts of ethical values and norms as a leader of the concern company. The above values should mind of by the leaders for the keeping excellence of the things to be done, be responsible for the promising things holding the considerations for the considerable things, maintaining the strict pattern for continuity and be committed as honest leader which is really of import moral ethic with values and norms ( Minning & A ; Curtis, 2009 ) . To pay the long tally away in the leading in concern by utilizing the ethical behaviour should truly hold to concern to the client, employees, stockholders and community. The demands of the clients particularly supplying the quality of the merchandise which can be stated by the art of the merchandise. The clean working environment, fairness judgement on the worker public presentation and organizing their potency to the employees by the leaders is seems on the ethical behaviour. Expecting the returns from the investings maintaining the same criterion of the growing within the concern and keeping the standard quality of the ethical behaviour for the well existences of full society. Codes of moralss are the elements of the tolerance in making the organisational plants and the intervention to the members of the organisation and the whole full society. The more you have the good moralss and values the more you can portion your thoughts clearly and that helps you to be better leader. The a bility to advance the moral and ethic behaviour by the leaders is to advance him as active and effectual leader to keep the certain end in concern.BibliographyGeorge Manning, K. C. ( 2007 ) . Ethic at work. In K. George, The art of Leadership ( pp. 120-136 ) . New York: Mc Graw-Hill. Manning, G. , & A ; Curtis, K. ( 2009 ) . behavior influences employee behavior and the organisation. In k. C. George Manning, The art of the leading ( pp. 92-121 ) . New York: Mc Graw-Hill. Minning, G. , & A ; Curtis, K. ( 2009 ) . Leadership Ethic. In K. C. George Manning, The Art of Leadership ( p. 92 ) . New York: McGraw-Hill.â€Å" Within the concern context, concerns are expected to hold good ethical values and move socially responsible. The job is that the moralss of a concern is a mixture of the single sets of moralss. This is why it is of import to hold good persons as employees. it is besides every bit of import that when you go to work someplace that you feel like you portion the values of those you work with. Ethic is non merely speaking about the right thing. It is making what is the right in every determination that is made. †Based on the above observation discuss the impact on society that ethical leaders can do.misbehavior ion of the moralss means losing the cost of societal and economic where ethical values and societal act play really of import function for the company economic position which determine by the determination of the ethical point of position. The regulations of the plants are described to the employees of the concern by the leaders where the thoughts are reflected for the clip being. The thoughts should be stated every bit clearly as the leader can with the few Numberss of points which should turn to to the members of the concern every bit to all by the implementing the ethical determination at work. When the concern runs with the certain ethical norms and values holding the codification of ethic which reference to all the related organic structures of the concern like governmental, employees, communicative environment, concern, production every bit good consumer and with their relation. From that reference the leaders have to recognize that at the terminal of the any production they will play the really of import function In different ways. The cardinal and direct impacting point by the ethical determination at work is the clients, employees, proprietors and the citizens who truly use the merchandises. The usage of the ethical determination is try to do happy all the constituencies, wholly devoted to the full intent of the concern, agreed to hold the learn in order to the acquiring new thoughts and have the alteration one. The determination should be all over the best whatever they do. The illustration of good ethical determination as I have got it from the large and celebrated organisation which is Telecom.Ltd.This organisation is good established and good service oriented aiming to the community and their day-to-day activities. They provide the map of the full community harmonizing to the demand of the people and they deal of the whole combustion issues at the average clip. The leader of this organisation is altering clip and once more and they are good trained. The staffs of this organisation are every bit handling on the footing of the ethical determination which is taking whole full organisation in the right place. We are holding tonss of the natural job around the universe like landslide, temblors, tsunamis, implosion therapy and so on, whenever these crises come they are ready to assist to the defected household, society and the countries by the different tools with finance besides which seems different ethical values and norms.That makes the criterion of th e organisation holding the beliefs and the committedness where the all the members of the organisation have the feeling of the fusion that brings the full community really strong and trust by implementing the ethical determination at the practical degree. Because of the with the codification of ethic and its values and norms Telecom.Ltd holding the societal and economical cost is really good which is the demand of the today ‘s organisation. They are socially responsible have a good ethical values which is lead by the leader who has mixture of the single sets of moralss. Every person employee has good relationship organize the ethical values and norms with leader. When they work they truly portion thoughts each other ‘s and they do non maintain on speaking and taking the ethic merely they truly implement in existent work which should be. Employees have the pride of their company with the quite fairness behaviour behind the defined demand of the occupation is the consequence of the moral principle at work in the work topographic point. The criterion of the life direction, trust, and the financially strongest are the dependant of the company ‘s success by utilizing the determination with ethical norms and values. The full clime of ethical environment can be stated by the. Higher clime is the higher fiscal positions which can be described by the best companies satisfy their societal and fiscal position. So there is the large impact in the society that ethical leader can do. The leader is the applied scientist of the company or the driver of the whole company. ( George Manning, 2007 )

Pavlov therory essays

Pavlov therory essays A commonly heard word within psychology is conditioning, where does it come from and what does it mean? Conditioning is simply a form of learning, specifically learning through association. Conditioning is used in many experiments as I will discuss later. Classical conditioning was stumbled upon by accident by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. After he earned his medical degree in 1882 he spent many years studying the digestive system of many animals. By the year 1904 Pavlov had won the Nobel Prize for all of his research in that field. While studying the digestive system he had a dog strapped down with a harness, and fed it different types of food. While doing this he had a tube that was surgically put into their cheeks to measure the amount of saliva the dog had released. After repeating this process a couple of times he ran into what he called a problem, the dog would salivate at just the site of the food, and eventually the dish the food came in and even the sound of footsteps walking towards him. Pavlov, trying to get around this problem tried to sneak up on the dog, but to no avail. Later Pavlov realized he stumbled upon a form of learning now known as classical conditioning, and devoted the rest of his life to studying it. To study his new, so called problem he had to have a system set up in which he would feed the dog. Often he used a dry meat powder, this powder would automatically cause the dog to salivate. The automatic response to food is known as the unconditioned response, it is known as this because the response does not have to be taught, hence the term unconditioned. The food in this example is known as the unconditioned stimulus, what stimulated the salivation was the food. After Pavlov took notice of all of this he wanted to see if the dog can be conditioned (trained) to respond to an unnatural stimulus, unnatural, being one that would not have an automatic reaction to the stimulus. To exa...

The Great Gatsby Study Guide

The Great Gatsby Study Guide The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, is F. Scott Fitzgeralds most famous novel. Set during the Roaring 20s, the book tells the story of a group of wealthy, often hedonistic residents of the fictional New York towns of West Egg and East Egg. The novel critiques the idea of the American Dream, suggesting that the concept has been corrupted by the careless pursuit of decadence. Though it was poorly received in Fitzgerald’s lifetime, The Great Gatsby is now considered a cornerstone of American literature. Plot Summary Nick Carraway, the narrator of the novel, moves to the Long Island neighborhood of West Egg. He lives next door to a mysterious millionaire named Jay Gatsby, who throws extravagant parties but never seems to show up at his own events. Across the bay, in the old-money neighborhood of East Egg, Nick’s cousin Daisy Buchanan lives with her unfaithful husband Tom. Toms mistress, Myrtle Wilson, is a working-class woman married to mechanic George Wilson. Daisy and Gatsby were in love before the war, but they were separated due to Gatsby’s lower social status. Gatsby is still in love with Daisy. He soon befriends Nick, who agrees to help Gatsby rekindle his affair with Daisy by acting as go-between. Gatsby and Daisy restart their affair, but it is short lived. Tom soon catches on and becomes furious over Daisys unfaithfulness. Daisy chooses to stay with Tom due to her unwillingness to sacrifice her social position. After the confrontation, Daisy and Gatsby drive home in the same car, with Daisy driving. Daisy accidentally hits and kills Myrtle, but Gatsby promises to take the blame if need be. Myrtle’s suspicious husband George approaches Tom about the death. He believes that whoever killed Myrtle was also Myrtles lover. Tom tells him how to find Gatsby, suggesting that Gatsby was the driver of the car (and thus indirectly suggesting that Gatsby was Myrtles lover). George murders Gatsby, then kills himself. Nick is one of only a few mourners at Gatsby’s funeral and, fed up and disillusioned, moves back to the Midwest. Major Characters Jay Gatsby. Gatsby is a mysterious, reclusive millionaire who climbed from a poor upbringing to immense wealth. Hes an idealist fixated on grandeur and romance, but his relentless attempts to woo Daisy and free himself from his past only brings more tragedy upon him. Nick Carraway. Nick, a bond salesman whos new to West Egg, is the narrator of the novel. Nick is more easygoing than the wealthy hedonists around him, but he is easily awed by their grand lifestyles. After witnessing the fallout from Daisy and Gatsby’s affair as well as the careless cruelty of Tom and Daisy, Nick becomes more jaded and leaves Long Island for good. Daisy Buchanan. Daisy, Nicks cousin, is a socialite and flapper. She is married to Tom. Daisy displays self-centered and shallow characteristics, but the reader occasionally sees glimmers of greater depth beneath the surface. Despite renewing her romance with Gatsby, she is too unwilling to give up the comforts of her wealthy life. Tom Buchanan. Tom, Daisys husband, is wealthy and arrogant. He also displays hypocrisy, as he regularly carries on affairs of his own but becomes furious and possessive when he realizes Daisy is in love with Gatsby. His anger over the affair leads him to mislead George Wilson into believing his wife had an affair with Gatsby- a lie that ultimately results in Gatsbys death. Major Themes Wealth and Social Class. The pursuit of wealth unites most of the characters in the novel, most of whom live a hedonistic, shallow lifestyle. Gatsby- a â€Å"new money† millionaire- finds out that even immense wealth does not guarantee crossing over the class barrier. In this way, the novel suggests that there is a significant difference between wealth and social class, and that social mobility is more illusory than the characters think. Love. The Great Gatsby is a story about love, but it is not necessarily a love story. No one in the novel truly feels â€Å"love† for their partners; the closest anyone comes is Nick’s fondness for his girlfriend Jordan. Gatsby’s obsessive love for Daisy is the center of the plot, but he is in love with a romanticized memory rather than the real Daisy. The American Dream. The novel critiques the American Dream: the idea that anyone can achieve anything if they work hard enough. Gatsby works tirelessly and acquires enormous wealth, but he still winds up alone. The misfortune faced by the novels wealthy characters suggests that the American Dream has become corrupted by the greedy pursuit of decadence and wealth. Idealism. Gatsby’s idealism is his most redeeming quality and his biggest downfall. Although his optimistic idealism makes him a more genuine character than the calculating socialites around him, it also leads him to hold onto hopes that he should let go of, as symbolized by the green light he stares at across the bay. Historical Context Fitzgerald was famously inspired by both the Jazz Age society and the Lost Generation. The novel is steeped in the historical context of the era, from flapper and bootlegging culture to the explosion of â€Å"new money† and industrialization. In addition, Fitzgerald’s own life was reflected in the novel: like Gatsby, he was a self-made man who fell in love with a bright young ingenue (Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald) and strived to be â€Å"worthy† of her. The novel can be read as Fitzgerald’s attempt to critique Jazz Age society and the concept of the American Dream. The decadence of the era is portrayed critically, and the idea of the American Dream is depicted as a failure. About The Author F. Scott Fitzgerald was a key figure in the American literary establishment. His work often reflected on the excesses of the Jazz Age and the disillusionment of the post-World War I era. He wrote four novels (plus one unfinished novel) and over 160 short stories. Although he became something of a celebrity in his lifetime, Fitzgeralds novels didn’t achieve critical success until they were rediscovered after his death. Today, Fitzgerald is hailed as one of the great American authors.

The Dark Child -Cmr Ly - Novel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Dark Child -Cmr Ly - Novel - Essay Example The story is told by a grown-up narrator-protagonist who recalls his years as a young boy. The autobiographical characteristic of the novel leads the reader to assume that this young boy (Fatoman), who is the main character of the book, is Camara Laye himself. Laye traces the development of his cultural and personal values as a young man coming of age within the Malinke tribe. He portrays nostalgically his happy childhood, his parents, education, initiation of Malinke culture, ritual circumcision, and the end of his youth. He then goes to Conakry for higher education; after completing it, he gets a scholarship to go to Paris for further higher studies. The story starts with the young 6 year old Fatoman (Laye himself) playing in his village Kouroussa. â€Å"I was a little boy playing around my father’s hut† (Laye 17). The relationship with his parents, especially his mother, is the link between the boy and his African roots. Laye is very proud of his parents, depicting both as outstanding characters. His father, a reputed blacksmith in the village, is also endowed with spiritualistic powers. His father tells Laye: â€Å"The snake is the guiding spirit of our race. Can you understand that?† (Laye 69). Although theirs is a patriarchal society where the father is the head of the family, in Laye’s household it was his mother who was dominant. â€Å"I realize that my mother’s authoritarian attitudes may appear surprising; generally the role of the African woman is thought to be a ridiculously humble one, but Africa is vast, with a diversity equal to its vastness.† (Laye 69). His mother had spiritual powers as well. â€Å"It was due to the strange powers she possessed.† (Laye 69). Among these powers was the ability to persuade animals to obey her commands and being able to approach crocodiles without being harmed. Laye lays great emphasis on

Inventory Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Inventory Management - Essay Example This research paper examines the aspects of inventory management based on the fact that inventories are the major expense incurred during the operations of any organization. In this regard, it is prudent for managers to emulate effective systems of controlling their stock. In order to meet the demand of their customers, most businesses maintain an inventory system that ensures optimal inventory is maintained while at the same time tracking the movement of stock. Organizations that are product-oriented greatly value the concept of inventory control. For example, in order to enhance efficiency in their operations, manufacturers aim at having as little inventory as possible (Andrew and John 35).On the other hand distributors are focused at maintaining a certain amount of stock that meets the needs of their customers. This paper seeks to analyze various methods that Wooden Wonders Ltd can emulate in order to ensure that costs of ordering and holding inventories are minimal as well as ens uring that company inventories are sufficient and not surplus. Economic order quantity entails the level of inventory that minimizes the ordering cost as well as the inventory holding costs. The model that was developed by Ford Harris in 1913, seeks to identify whether or not the inventory held by a company is reasonable. One of the major aspects of EOQ is that it is used if there is no change in demand for the product throughout the year. The model consists of fixed cost that does not change regardless of the quantity of the units ordered.

Critically Acclaimed Supreme Court Cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critically Acclaimed Supreme Court Cases - Essay Example One of the most critically acclaimed Supreme Court cases, that supported the rights of citizens against unwarranted searches, a right is given to citizens by the 14th Amendment. This issue initiated as a New Jersey student was found smoking in the bathroom. When caught, the student refrained from confessing and then her locker was unlawfully searched and arrested by the principle. Yet, the student’s 4th Amendment rights were exploited. The question remained, do students have the same 4th Amendment rights as other citizens? Does the school, a government institute has to follow the idea of â€Å"reasonable and probable cause†? The school administrators insisted that the students violated the school code and have extensive power to discipline the conduct of any student who breaches the code. The defense side of T.L.O argued that administrators cannot act as parents and our employees. Hence, they cannot breach the privacy and must respect students’ rights. In a heate d debate, the court favored the student by stating that schools must be obligated to follow the 4th amendment and are limited by the Constitution. Yet, the rights of young students are not the same as adults. The school can initiate searches but must have solid evidence to rationalize their cause. This is critical as many students are not susceptible to random locker checks as it would violate their rights. It protects the students of their privacy, but at the same time gives them some leeway to engage in illegal activity.

Reverse phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography for measuring hydrolysis of ester Essay Example for Free

Reverse phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography for measuring hydrolysis of ester Essay Reverse-Phase High performance chromatography consists of any method of chromatography that utilizes a non-polar phase. In the early part of 1970s, non-modofied alumina or silica which has a greater attraction for polar elements and hydrophilic surface chemistry was used for majority of the liquid chromatography. Because of this, this method was said to be normal†. The elution order was however reversed with the introduction of a covalently bonded alkyl chain which reinforces the surface. In this method, the first to be eluted are the polar compounds while there is retention of the non-polar compounds hence the procedure is termed reversed phase Method validation It’s important to validate all various HPLC methods. Evaluation of suitability may not be necessary when methods from pharmacopoeia’s are utilizes given that the analyses are carried out with respect to the technique’s intended use. However, in situation where drug composition is being modified, a reevaluation of suitability of the HPLC method to its new intended use is necessary (Nagels etal, 2002). The variables tested in the validation process as stated by FDA, ICH and USP as well as other health bodies include: Accuracy, linearity, limit of quantitation, limit of detection specificity relativity, reproducibility precision which includes repeatability, intermediate precision as well as ruggedness/reproducibility (Amersham, 1999). Role of rp-HPLC method for the measuring hydrolysis of ester Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography can be used in separation quantitation of free fatty acids as well as its methyl esters obtained from tissue phosphopids of mineral. In this method, mixtures of water acetonitrile are utilized for elution of esters. For free acids to separate, aqueous phosphoric acid substitute for water. Quantification detection of unsaturated compounds are done by absorption at 192nm . After methyl esters have been prefractionated based on its unsaturation by argentation TLC, there is total rapid separation by elution with CH3CN. Reverse phase HPLC can both be applied as preparative analytic method as well as in biochemical separation and purification. Precision In rp-HPLC, precision is assessed by injection of several standards followed by measurement of the variability of the results. Three subcategories are obtained from the measured standard deviation . To assess repeatability, the operator executes the analysis in a laboratory over a short period of time. Then, the relative standard deviation is calculated from 5 or 6 determinates of two dissimilar matrices at 1 or 2 different concentrations. The ICH describes intermediate precision as long term variability this is estimated by comparison of several results of a single laboratory over several weeks. Variations of results gotten by different instruments, different batches of column and from operators with materials from dissimilar supplies are reflected in intermediate precision (Amersham, 1999) It is important to validate intermediate precision in rp-HPLC so that verification of same results being produced by same method in same laboratory following the phase of development could be possible. Reproducibility otherwise called ruggedness is simply inter-laboratory precision . It’s aim is to ensure that different laboratories will have same results using the method. Variables that affect the reproducibility of rp-HPLC include the varying operator experience, varying ages of equipment, differential supplies of columns, variation in humidity room temperature, different characteristics of equipment such as the delay capacity of HPLC system (Lebendiker, 2006). Accuracy is the degree in which test outcomes are proximate to the true value. This is obtained from outcome of quantitative assessment of a known sample. Whatever is measured is then compared to the known amount. Selectivity specificity These are usually interchanged . Selectivity of analytical method like rp-HPLC refers to its capability despite the presence of interference, to still be able to measure accurately (Guzzetta, 2010). Such interference includes enantiomers, degradation products and excipients. When selectivity of a method is verified, it becomes â€Å"Stability Indicating Method†. Limit of detection This refers to the least amount or concentration of analyte in a chromatographic sample that may not be quantifiable but is detectable. In rp-HPLC, the limit of detection is that amount which after injected gives a maximum height of 2 to 3 times as raised as the reference noise level. Limit of quantitation refers to the least amount injected that results in precise measurement. In rp-HPLC, maximum heights of about ten to twenty times greater than reference noise are usually required at precision of less than 10-15% RSD between intervals of results. Linearity With injection of three to five series of four or more standards with spanning concentration of 80-120% expected range, the linearity of a rp-HPLC analytical method can be determined (Amersham, 1999). Whether directly or by calculation, it is expected that the response should be in proportion to the analytes’ concentration. The intercept of linear regression formula applied to these results should not substantially differ from zero. An intercept of significant non-zero should be followed by validation that there is no impact on method accuracy (Alveldano etal, 2010). Principle This operates of the separation of substances based on hydrophobic binding between the stationary/immobile hydrophobic ligand (called the stationary phase) and the solute in the mobile phase (Amersham, 1999). The binding interaction is presumed to be due to favorable entropy effect. The original mobile phase conditions in rp-HPLC are aqueous implying a highly organized water structure around stationary ligand solute molecule . The available area exposed to solvent becomes diminished with binding of solute to the stationary hydrophobic ligand. With this, there is decrease in organization of water structure increase system entropy (Amersham, 1999). In summary, rp-HPLC is based on â€Å"adsorption of hydrophobic molecules onto a hydrophobic solid support in a polar mobile phase†. Reverse phase HPLC has also been utilized in most analytical methods.

History and Origins of the Service Learning Practice :: Informative

III. Review of Related Literature History of Service-Learning The history and origins of the service-learning practice in the United States is older than its own name (Clearinghouse, Titlebaum, Daprano, Baer, & Brahler, 2004). However, the phrase service-learning was first used in 1966 to describe a joint project between Tennessee college students and professors working on area developmental organizational projects (p. 4). Subsequently, in 1967 Robert Sigmon and William Ramsey, while working at the Southern Regional Education Board, coined the term for the first time (Giles & Eyler, 1994; Sigmon, 1979; Stanton, Giles, & Cruz, 1999). Later in the 1970s, Sigmon published in the Synergist his manifesto entitled, Service-Learning: Three Principles (1979), in which the author framed the foundations of service-learning as a pedagogical method. According to Sigmon, every service-learning practitioner should adhere to the following three principles: 1) Those being served control the service(s) provided. 2) Those being served become better able to serve and be served by their own actions. 3) Those who serve also are learners and have significant control over what is expected to be learned (p. 10). The point at issue here is the conceptualization of service-learning as a dialectical process in which all participants equally evolve as active learners and agents of change. During past decades, particularly the 1980s, much of the service-learning debate revolved around its definition (Crews, 2002). It seems like previous scholars could not establish a consensual agreement on what to call â€Å"service-learning† and what should be included (Plann, 2002). Even though the broad scope of service-learning allows other programs to exist under the same description (Furco, 1996), sometimes such a rubric also tolerates the emerging of â€Å"moniker† programs (Butin, 2010). Kendall’s (1990) review of the service-learning literature illustrates the aforementioned case. The author provides 147 different definitions depending on whether service-learning is seen as an educational or philosophical method. Although such conceptualizations will change to meet the goals and expectations of civic, social, educational, and governmental institutions (Maurrasse, 2004; Shumer & Shumer, 2005), some of them brought a much-needed conceptual clarity to the fi eld. For instance, the National and Community Service Act of (1990) defined service-learning as: A method (A) under which students or participants learn and develop through active participation in thoughtfully organized service that (i) is conducted in and meets the needs of a community; (ii) is coordinated with an elementary school, secondary school, institution of higher education, or community service program,

Colgate Max Fresh Essay

Gross world product up 2.5% in 2005, following two years of < 1% growth. Overall emerging market economies exploding; + 10% GDP growth in China and + 6% growth in Latin America. Political values in emerging markets may make it difficult for foreign competition to enter market without domestic partner and / or; foreign investment & market diversification less attractive (import / export tariffs). Situational Analysis Situational Analysis Industry Purpose of the Oral Personal Care industry is to prevent teeth and gum diseases and deliver cosmetic benefits. Scope of the industry includes toothpaste, floss, mouth rinses and toothbrushes. Industry Definition Competition Colgate has dominant market value share in China (32%) and Mexico (82%). China market fragmented with Colgate & P&G representing 53% of share. Situational Analysis Industry Product Development growth strategy with launches of premium tier brand extensions Crest Whitening Expressions (US) Crest With Scope (US), Colgate Icy Fresh (China), Crest Cool Expressions (MX). Brand Position: Competition Strategy (P&G) C+S = toothpaste + mouthwash + whitening CWE / CCE = flavor + toothpaste + whitening Entering Emerging Markets under its Crest brand without JV partners. Leveraging x-brand scale with Crest + Scope. Built its brand around therapeutic benefits, while cosmetic benefits market growing fastest in Emerging Markets. Innovating in cosmetic segment; a historic Colgate stronghold. Heavily invests in advertising behind new product launches. Situational Analysis Growth Market Strategies Porter Five Forces Analysis Global Oral Personal Care Colgate Palmolive Oral Care SWOT Analysis Situational Analysis Marketing Strategy Pricing: Positioned as a super-premium brand, price parity to Crest Cool Expressions (14.99 – 15.99 pesos). Marketing Budget: $2MM marketing budget aimed to drive trial through in-store merchandising, sampling, and public relations. Corporate Marketing Strategy Objectives Colgate Max Fresh (CMF) Mexico Marketing Plan Strategic Growth driven by high margin core business. Advertising focused on high margin products and high potential markets. Innovation driven: 40% of sales from products launched in past 5 years. Tactical Growth Strategy: Product Development; Super Premium segment Growth Targets: China 2% YR1, 2.8% YR2; MX 5% YR1, 6% YR2 value share. Will require trading up consumers. Value Proposition: CMF would drive new dimension of freshness Target Market: Geared towards 18-34 yr. old adults (female oriented); augment Colgate’s strong competitive position in Value & Mid-Tier. Situational Analysis Marketing Strategy Will US developed media plans translate? Can Colgate effectively trade-up consumers? What impact will cannibalization have on profitability? Is market large enough in Mexico for premium segments? Will benefits of CMF convey to Mexico consumers? BASES testing and Consumer Viability Index showed marginal promise.. CMF Marketing Concerns for Mexico Symptoms of Colgate Palmolive’s Primary Problem Emerging Market consumers are price sensitive Crest attacking cosmetic segment Consumers experiment through trial vs. large initial purchase Despite Growth in key areas Colgate-Palmolive operating profits and net income are down. +6.5% unit volume growth +7% sales dollar growth +0.1% growth in gross profit margin -2% Operational Profit -7% Net Income To drive growth Colgate-Palmolive is looking to focus on higher margin core businesses. Core Elements of the Strategic Problem In the US toothpaste market CP is seeing a 3.1% increase in volume of sales attributable to the Super Premium Toothpaste Category. Global Strategic Opportunity exists in the Premium Toothpaste market. Represents $75 M sales dollar increase and total market cap of $409.5 M dollars Only the Premium Toothpaste Category is growing at a substantial rate. In 2004 CP captured ~60% of that Sales Dollar Increase in the US largely dues to the introduction of Colgate Max Fresh. In order to continue to grow CP must find a way to develop their Premium Toothpaste product CMF in emerging countries. Colgate Palmolive’s Primary Problem Would the costs of adopting CMF in each new country provide sufficient incremental sales and profits to justify the added complexity of localized marketing and rollout plans associated with those new markets. Colgate-Palmolive must continue to globalize its Premium Toothpaste Strategy. Any solution must balance they cost of localization with the expected sales and profit increase for each new market. Also it is in Colgate-Palmolive’s best interest to develop reusable guidelines as it approaches other new markets similar to China and Mexico. Colgate Palmolive’s Secondary Problems Type 1: Establish a tactical marketing plan for the CMF rollout in an emerging market where Colgate-Palmolive has little previously established presence(China) Type 2: Establish a tactical marketing plan for the CMF rollout in an established market that has high competitor activity(Mexico). In order to establish an effective global strategy two types of secondary problems must be solved in the Colgate Max Fresh Case Study: Any solution must balance they cost of localization with the expected sales and profit increase for each new market. Secondary Problem Detail Need to introduce a product to push Colgate-Palmolive profitability Colgate has worldwide share, the only way to expand is to drive high margin business. China(new markets) have strongly entrenched local brands. Colgate Max fresh will need to compete with its own joint venture brand Darlie(High End). Due to new product introduction at the Super Premium Toothpaste Market competitor Crest has 3% growth year to year, Colgate Equity Brands have been stagnant for 3 years. CP is not only loosing out on possible profits but also slowly loosing market share to its #1 competitor. Market is unfamiliar with CMF â€Å"breath strips† US Marketing Video will be ineffective due to the US Star involved. Is it worth creating new celebrity backed marketing content? Will the Go Big or Go Home strategy work in China and other similar markets? How can Colgate-Palmolive best enter the Chinese Market with CMF. China Secondary Problem Detail Colgate-Palmolive knows P&G will be introducing Crest Cool Expressions(CWE) in Mexico in the near future. CO must develop the best marketing plan to stunt P&G Crest Cool Expressions while protecting their overwhelming market share. 82% Value share for Colgate-Palmolive CP needs to create a marketing plan to introduce CMF with limited budget and maximize regional utility. Due to CP’s large inherent market share, the goal of the Mexican campaign will be to maximize the product funnel. There is a large opportunity present to upsell customers from the Big Red Brand toothpaste to the new CMF toothpaste. Mexico See Exhibit 17 – Will waiting to introduce CMF until after the CWE product introduction change the company estimates of profitability? Can the Mexico Snowsurfer commercial be better standardized for global marketing plans? Going forward how will CP utilize this marketing plan for future markets? Colgate-Palmolive Company Alternatives Locally make the clear bottle Works for China, not Mexico China Allows for ease of expansion of the Colgate Max Fresh brand in clear bottle to other regional locales Also, provides future capabilities for use in other new products Problems: This does add 20% variable cost to COGS Initiates a 6 month delay on production $1.5 M sunk cost before production Alternatives Colgate-Palmolive Company Alternatives Regional Market Alternatives Mexico China Colgate-Palmolive Company Alternatives Provide more trial availability with the smaller packages to sway more to give CMF a try CMF has the breath strips or â€Å"cooling crystals† within the toothpaste, therefore bundle the breath strips package with CMF to build awareness. Stop utilizing celebrities to promote CMF Provide regional flavors Keeps product as a premium product Cost of $200,000 per flavor Has shown promising outcomes in other regions In China, Crest utilized a tea flavor and Colgate a salt flavor In Russia, after releasing a local flavor, the toothpaste market share rose from 11.8% in 2002 to 24.9% in 2005. Colgate-Palmolive Company Alternatives Allows for greater differentiation between the CWE toothpaste In Mexico, drop the price from 15.99 pesos to 14.99 pesos to protect a greater share of CP market share. In Mexico and other markets CP is highly entrenched in, utilize clear bottle In Mexico, Keep the price at 15.99 pesos Implementation Strategic Vs. Tactical Plans The strategic plan moving forward for emerging markets will be to use an easily customizable commercial and adapt it to multiple countries Colgate is the dominant toothpaste brand world wide, so our primary goal will be to prevent Crest from gaining market share and also to upsell our existing customers to the super premium segment We agree with the decision to use a celebrity commercial in China due to the size of the market share the Crest is cultivating Each region and culture has a different set of values and preferences Each region will have a unique tactical plan to maximize effectiveness Jay Chou Colgate Max Fresh Commercial Implementation in China Dispensing the toothpaste in clear bottles to build brand awareness Colgate-Palmolive has invested a large amount of capitol in the Max Fresh marketing campaign Maximize the return on investment by: Transition to less expensive packaging once consumers are familiar with product Include breath strip samples with Max Fresh tooth paste in selected markets Snowsurfer Commercial (English Dub) Implementation in Mexico Our strategies in Mexico will be very similar to our plan in other emerging markets Focus will be on preserving our market share instead of new growth Use clear bottle and breath strip samples in select markets to increase brand awareness Colgate accounts for 82% of total market share compared to 10.2% of Crest’s total market share Crest + Scope only accounts for 3%of total market share Set price at 14.99 pesos per 100 ml We will re-evaluate our Colgate Total (19.36 pesos per 100 ml) marketing campaign to focus on the affluent 40+ age group to minimize cannibalization Implementation in Brazil Characteristics of the Brazilian Market 71% of Brazilians agree that â€Å"music is an important part of my life† 33% have participated in trips to the beach in the last 30 days 76% agree that â€Å"it is important to be attractive to the opposite sex† 65% agree that â€Å"it is important to keep young looking† 32% express the desire for plastic surgery in order to improve their appearance Statistics from Geoff Wicken, KMR Group Tactical Strategy Brazil Vollyball is the 2nd most popular sport in Brazil To become a sponsor on the FIVB circuit, we must apply by July 31, 2006 Update packaging to include â€Å"Made in Brazil† The busy season in Rio De Janeiro December to March, so we recommend kicking off a medial marketing campaign in October 2006 This will give Colgate-Palmolive a chance to evaluate the success of the BreathStrip samples in China and Mexico If we do not see the return on investment we will not include the promotional packaging in Brazil Brazilians place a high emphasis on being attractive to the opposite sex, which means there could a tremendous opportunity to market Colgate Max Fresh as a product that will whiten teeth and make you more â€Å"kissable† Adapt the SnowSurfer commercial to the Brazilian market Sponsor a national beach vollyball tournament Conclusion Colgate-Palmolive is actively seeking ways to increase their operating profit and net income Introducing new high margin products to emerging markets will be critical to their success Marketing Colgate Max Fresh as efficiently and effectively as possible will be necessary in helping us achieve our financial goals UNILEVER